Supernova Models: snewpy.models

Base Class for Supernova Models

class snewpy.models.base.SupernovaModel(time, metadata)

Base class defining an interface to a supernova model.

Initialize supernova model base class (call this method in the subclass constructor as super().__init__(time,metadata)).

Parameters:

• time (ndarray of astropy.Quantity) – Time points where the model flux is defined. Must be array of Quantity, with units convertable to “second”.

• metadata (dict) – Dict of model parameters <name>:<value>, to be used for printing table in __repr__() and _repr_markdown_()

get_flux(t, E, distance, flavor_xform=<snewpy.flavor_transformation.NoTransformation object>)

Get neutrino flux through 1cm^2 surface at the given distance

Parameters:

• t (astropy.Quantity) – Time to evaluate the neutrino spectra.

• E (astropy.Quantity or ndarray of astropy.Quantity) – Energies to evaluate the the neutrino spectra.

• distance (astropy.Quantity or float (in kpc)) – Distance from supernova.

• flavor_xform (FlavorTransformation) – An instance from the flavor_transformation module.

Returns:

flux.Container – A container with the information about the neutrino flux

get_initial_spectra(t, E)

Get neutrino spectra at the source.

Parameters:

• t (astropy.Quantity) – Time to evaluate initial spectra.

• E (astropy.Quantity) – Energies to evaluate the initial spectra.

Returns:

flux.Container – A container with the information about the initial neutrino spectra

get_time()

Returns:

ndarray of astropy.Quantity – Snapshot times from the simulation

get_transformed_spectra(t, E, flavor_xform)

Get neutrino spectra after applying the flavor transformation.

Parameters:

• t (astropy.Quantity) – Time to evaluate the neutrino spectra.

• E (astropy.Quantity) – Energies to evaluate the neutrino spectra.

• flavor_xform (FlavorTransformation) – An instance from the flavor_transformation module.

Returns:

flux.Container – A container with the information of the transformed neutrino spectra

Derived Models

Core-Collapse Supernova Models

The submodule snewpy.models.ccsn contains models of core-collapse supernovae derived from the SupernovaModel base class.

Models are initialised based on their physics parameters. Use the param class property to view all physics parameters and their possible values:

>>> from snewpy.models.ccsn import Nakazato_2013
>>> Nakazato_2013.param
{'progenitor_mass': <Quantity [13., 20., 30., 50.] solMass>,
 'revival_time': <Quantity [  0., 100., 200., 300.] ms>,
 'metallicity': [0.02, 0.004],
 'eos': ['LS220', 'shen', 'togashi']}

For some models, not all combinations of parameters are valid. Use the get_param_combinations() class method to get a list of all valid combinations and filter it:

>>> list(params for params in Nakazato_2013.get_param_combinations() if params['eos'] != 'shen')
[{'progenitor_mass': <Quantity 30. solMass>, 'revival_time': <Quantity 0. ms>,
  'metallicity': 0.004, 'eos': 'LS220'},
 {'progenitor_mass': <Quantity 30. solMass>, 'revival_time': <Quantity 0. ms>,
  'metallicity': 0.004, 'eos': 'togashi'}]

class snewpy.models.ccsn.Bollig_2016(progenitor_mass: Quantity, eos: str = 'LS220')

Model based on simulations from Bollig et al. (2016). Models were taken, with permission, from the Garching Supernova Archive.

Parameters:

• progenitor_mass – Mass of model progenitor in units Msun. Valid values are: [11.2 27. ] solMass.

• eos – Equation of state. Valid values are: [‘LS220’].

Raises:

• FileNotFoundError – If a file for the chosen model parameters cannot be found

• ValueError – If a combination of parameters is invalid when loading from parameters

class snewpy.models.ccsn.Bugli_2021(*, Bfield: str, direction: str, rotation: int = None, grav: str = None)

Model based on Buggli (2021).

Parameters:

• Bfield – Bfield. Valid values are: [‘hydro’, ‘L1’, ‘L2’].

• direction – Direction. Valid values are: [‘average’, ‘equator’, ‘north’, ‘south’].

• grav – Grav. Valid values are: [‘A’, ‘B’, None].

• rotation – Rotation. Valid values are: [0, 90, None].

Raises:

• FileNotFoundError – If a file for the chosen model parameters cannot be found

• ValueError – If a combination of parameters is invalid when loading from parameters

class snewpy.models.ccsn.Fischer_2020

Model based on simulations from Fischer et al. (2020) <https://arxiv.org/abs/1804.10890>

Raises:

• FileNotFoundError – If a file for the chosen model parameters cannot be found

• ValueError – If a combination of parameters is invalid when loading from parameters

class snewpy.models.ccsn.Fornax_2019(cache_flux=False, *, progenitor_mass)

Model based on 3D simulations from D. Vartanyan, A. Burrows, D. Radice, M. A. Skinner and J. Dolence, MNRAS 482(1):351, 2019. Data available at https://www.astro.princeton.edu/~burrows/nu-emissions.3d/

Parameters:

• cache_flux (bool) – If true, pre-compute the flux on a fixed angular grid and store the values in a FITS file.

• progenitor_mass – Mass of model progenitor in units Msun. Valid values are: [ 9. 10. 12. 13. 14. 15. 19. 25. 60.] solMass.

Raises:

• FileNotFoundError – If a file for the chosen model parameters cannot be found

• ValueError – If a combination of parameters is invalid when loading from parameters

class snewpy.models.ccsn.Fornax_2021(progenitor_mass: Quantity)

Model based on 3D simulations from D. Vartanyan, A. Burrows, D. Radice, M. A. Skinner and J. Dolence, MNRAS 482(1):351, 2019. Data available at https://www.astro.princeton.edu/~burrows/nu-emissions.3d/

Parameters:

progenitor_mass – Mass of model progenitor in units Msun. Valid values are: [12..23, 25, 26, 26.99] solMass.

Raises:

• FileNotFoundError – If a file for the chosen model parameters cannot be found

• ValueError – If a combination of parameters is invalid when loading from parameters

class snewpy.models.ccsn.Fornax_2022(progenitor_mass: Quantity)

Model based on 2D simulations of 100 progenitors from Tianshu Wang, David Vartanyan, Adam Burrows, and Matthew S.B. Coleman, MNRAS 517:543, 2022. Data available at https://www.astro.princeton.edu/~burrows/nu-emissions.2d.large/

Parameters:

progenitor_mass – Mass of model progenitor in units Msun. Valid values are: [ 9. 9.25 9.5 9.75 10. 10.25 10.5 10.75 11. 11.25 11.5 11.75 12. 12.03 12.07 12.1 12.13 12.15 12.18 12.2 12.25 12.33 12.4 12.45 12.5 12.54 12.6 12.63 12.7 12.72 12.75 12.8 12.85 12.9 12.93 12.97 13. 13.05 13.11 13.25 13.27 13.32 13.4 13.45 13.5 13.6 13.75 13.82 13.9 13.96 14.01 14.13 14.25 14.4 14.41 14.43 14.44 14.7 14.87 15. 15.01 15.04 15.05 15.38 16.43 16.65 16.99 17. 17.07 17.1 17.4 17.48 17.5 17.51 17.83 18.04 18.05 18.09 18.1 18.5 19.02 19.56 19.83 19.99 20.08 20.09 20.18 20.37 21. 21.68 22. 22.3 22.82 23. 23.04 23.43 24. 25. 26. 26.99] solMass.

Raises:

• FileNotFoundError – If a file for the chosen model parameters cannot be found

• ValueError – If a combination of parameters is invalid when loading from parameters

class snewpy.models.ccsn.Kuroda_2020(*, rotational_velocity, magnetic_field_exponent, progenitor_mass=<Quantity 20. solMass>)

Model based on simulations from Kuroda et al. (2020).

Parameters:

• rotational_velocity – Rotational velocity of progenitor. Valid values are: [0. 1.] rad / s.

• magnetic_field_exponent – Exponent of magnetic field (See Eq. 46). Valid values are: [0, 12, 13].

• progenitor_mass – Mass of model progenitor in units Msun. Valid values are: [<Quantity 20. solMass>].

Raises:

• FileNotFoundError – If a file for the chosen model parameters cannot be found

• ValueError – If a combination of parameters is invalid when loading from parameters

class snewpy.models.ccsn.Mori_2023(axion_mass: Quantity, axion_coupling: Quantity, *, progenitor_mass=<Quantity 20. solMass>)

Model based on 2D simulations with axionlike particles, K. Mori, T. Takiwaki, K. Kotake and S. Horiuchi, Phys. Rev. D 108:063027, 2023. All models are based on the non-rotating 20 M_sun solar metallicity progenitor model from S.E. Woolsey and A. Heger, Phys. Rep. 442:269, 2007. Data from private communication.

Parameters:

• axion_mass – Axion mass in units of MeV. Valid values are: [ 0. 100. 200.] MeV.

• axion_coupling – Axion-photon coupling, in units of 1e-10/GeV. Valid values are: [ 0. 2. 4. 6. 8. 10. 12. 14. 16. 20.] 1e-10 / GeV.

• progenitor_mass – Mass of model progenitor in units Msun. Valid values are: [20.] solMass.

Raises:

• FileNotFoundError – If a file for the chosen model parameters cannot be found

• ValueError – If a combination of parameters is invalid when loading from parameters

class snewpy.models.ccsn.Nakazato_2013(progenitor_mass: Quantity, revival_time: Quantity, metallicity: float, eos: str)

Model based on simulations from Nakazato et al., ApJ S 205:2 (2013), ApJ 804:75 (2015), PASJ 73:639 (2021). See also http://asphwww.ph.noda.tus.ac.jp/snn/.

Parameters:

• progenitor_mass – Mass of model progenitor in units Msun. Valid values are: [13. 20. 30. 50.] solMass.

• revival_time – Time of shock revival in model in units ms. Valid values are: [ 0. 100. 200. 300.] ms.

• metallicity – Progenitor metallicity. Valid values are: [0.02, 0.004].

• eos – Equation of state. Valid values are: [‘LS220’, ‘shen’, ‘togashi’].

Raises:

• FileNotFoundError – If a file for the chosen model parameters cannot be found

• ValueError – If a combination of parameters is invalid when loading from parameters

class snewpy.models.ccsn.OConnor_2013(eos: str, progenitor_mass: Quantity)

Model based on the black hole formation simulation in O’Connor & Ott (2013).

Parameters:

• progenitor_mass – Mass of model progenitor in units Msun. Valid values are: [12..33, 35..5..60, 70, 80, 100, 120] solMass.

• eos – Equation of state. Valid values are: [‘HShen’, ‘LS220’].

Raises:

• FileNotFoundError – If a file for the chosen model parameters cannot be found

• ValueError – If a combination of parameters is invalid when loading from parameters

class snewpy.models.ccsn.OConnor_2015(progenitor_mass: Quantity = <Quantity 40. solMass>)

Model based on the black hole formation simulation in O’Connor (2015).

Parameters:

progenitor_mass – Mass of model progenitor in units Msun. Valid values are: [<Quantity 40. solMass>].

Raises:

• FileNotFoundError – If a file for the chosen model parameters cannot be found

• ValueError – If a combination of parameters is invalid when loading from parameters

class snewpy.models.ccsn.Sukhbold_2015(progenitor_mass: Quantity, eos: str)

Model based on simulations from Sukhbold et al., ApJ 821:38,2016. Models were shared privately by email.

Parameters:

• progenitor_mass – Mass of model progenitor in units Msun. Valid values are: [27. 9.6] solMass.

• eos – Equation of state. Valid values are: [‘LS220’, ‘SFHo’].

Raises:

• FileNotFoundError – If a file for the chosen model parameters cannot be found

• ValueError – If a combination of parameters is invalid when loading from parameters

class snewpy.models.ccsn.Takata_2025(progenitor_mass: Quantity, axion_mass: Quantity, axion_coupling: Quantity)

Model based on 1D simulations with axionlike particles, Takata, T. et al., PhysRevD.111.103028, 2025. Data from private communication.

This simulation is conducted for a progenitor_mass of 11.2, 20, and 25 M_sun. Each of these progenitors are simulated for a set of ALP parameters: ALP mass, m_a [MeV] = (0, 40, 100, 150, 300, 400, 600, 800), and ALP-photon coupling strength, g_a𝛄 [10^-10/GeV] = (0, 4, 6, 8, 10)

Parameters:

• progenitor_mass – Progenitor star mass in units of M☉. Valid values are: [11.2 20. 25. ] solMass.

• axion_mass – Axion mass in units of MeV. Valid values are: [ 0. 40. 100. 150. 200. 300. 400. 600. 800.] MeV.

• axion_coupling – Axion-photon coupling, in units of 1e-10/GeV. Valid values are: [ 0. 2. 4. 6. 8. 10.] 1e-10 / GeV.

Raises:

• FileNotFoundError – If a file for the chosen model parameters cannot be found

• ValueError – If a combination of parameters is invalid when loading from parameters

class snewpy.models.ccsn.Tamborra_2014(*, progenitor_mass: Quantity, direction: int, eos='LS220')

Model based on 3D simulations from Tamborra et al., PRD 90:045032, 2014. Data files are from the Garching Supernova Archive.

Parameters:

• progenitor_mass – Mass of model progenitor in units Msun. Valid values are: [11.2 20. 27. ] solMass.

• direction – Direction. Valid values are: [1, 2, 3].

• eos – Equation of state. Valid values are: [‘LS220’].

Raises:

• FileNotFoundError – If a file for the chosen model parameters cannot be found

• ValueError – If a combination of parameters is invalid when loading from parameters

class snewpy.models.ccsn.Walk_2018(*, progenitor_mass: Quantity = <Quantity 15. solMass>, rotation: str, direction: int, eos='LS220')

Model based on SASI-dominated simulations from Walk et al., PRD 98:123001, 2018. Data files are from the Garching Supernova Archive.

Parameters:

• progenitor_mass – Mass of model progenitor in units Msun. Valid values are: [15.] solMass.

• rotation – Rotation. Valid values are: [‘fast’, ‘slow’, ‘non’].

• direction – Direction. Valid values are: [1, 2, 3].

• eos – Equation of state. Valid values are: [‘LS220’].

Raises:

• FileNotFoundError – If a file for the chosen model parameters cannot be found

• ValueError – If a combination of parameters is invalid when loading from parameters

class snewpy.models.ccsn.Walk_2019(*, progenitor_mass: Quantity, direction: int, eos='LS220')

Model based on SASI-dominated simulations from Walk et al., PRD 101:123013, 2019. Data files are from the Garching Supernova Archive.

Parameters:

• progenitor_mass – Mass of model progenitor in units Msun. Valid values are: [40. 75.] solMass.

• direction – Direction. Valid values are: [1, 2, 3].

• eos – Equation of state. Valid values are: [‘LS220’].

Raises:

• FileNotFoundError – If a file for the chosen model parameters cannot be found

• ValueError – If a combination of parameters is invalid when loading from parameters

class snewpy.models.ccsn.Warren_2020(*, progenitor_mass, turbmixing_param)

Model based on simulations from Warren et al., ApJ 898:139, 2020. Neutrino fluxes available at https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3667908.

Parameters:

• progenitor_mass – Mass of model progenitor in units Msun. Valid values are: [9..0.25..13, 13..0.1..30, 31..33, 35..5..60, 70, 80, 100, 120] solMass.

• turbmixing_param – Turbulent mixing parameter alpha_lambda. Valid values are: [1.23, 1.25, 1.27].

Raises:

• FileNotFoundError – If a file for the chosen model parameters cannot be found

• ValueError – If a combination of parameters is invalid when loading from parameters

class snewpy.models.ccsn.Zha_2021(*, progenitor_mass: Quantity)

Model based on the hadron-quark phse transition models from Zha et al. 2021.

Parameters:

progenitor_mass – Mass of model progenitor in units Msun. Valid values are: [16..26, 19.89, 22.39, 30, 33] solMass.

Raises:

• FileNotFoundError – If a file for the chosen model parameters cannot be found

• ValueError – If a combination of parameters is invalid when loading from parameters

Presupernova Models

The submodule snewpy.models.presn contains models of presupernova neutrino fluxes, derived from the SupernovaModel base class.

class snewpy.models.presn.Kato_2017(progenitor_mass: Quantity)

Presupernova model based on Chinami Kato et al. 2017 ApJ 848 48

Dataset available on Zenodo

Parameters:

progenitor_mass – Mass of model progenitor in units Msun. Valid values are: [12. 15.] solMass.

Raises:

• FileNotFoundError – If a file for the chosen model parameters cannot be found

• ValueError – If a combination of parameters is invalid when loading from parameters

class snewpy.models.presn.Odrzywolek_2010(progenitor_mass: Quantity)

Presupernova model based on A.Odrzywolek, Alexander Heger, Acta Phys.Polon.B 41 (2010)

Dataset available on Odrzywolek’s website

Parameters:

progenitor_mass – Mass of model progenitor in units Msun. Valid values are: [15. 25.] solMass.

Raises:

• FileNotFoundError – If a file for the chosen model parameters cannot be found

• ValueError – If a combination of parameters is invalid when loading from parameters

class snewpy.models.presn.Patton_2017(progenitor_mass: Quantity)

Presupernova model based on Kelly M. Patton et al. 2017 ApJ 851 6

Dataset available on Zenodo (DOI:10.5281/zenodo.2626645)

Parameters:

progenitor_mass – Mass of model progenitor in units Msun. Valid values are: [15. 30.] solMass.

Raises:

• FileNotFoundError – If a file for the chosen model parameters cannot be found

• ValueError – If a combination of parameters is invalid when loading from parameters

class snewpy.models.presn.Yoshida_2016(progenitor_mass: Quantity)

Presupernova model based on Yoshida et al. (2016), PRD 93, 123012

Dataset available on Zenodo

Parameters:

progenitor_mass – Mass of model progenitor in units Msun. Valid values are: [12. 15. 20.] solMass.

Raises:

• FileNotFoundError – If a file for the chosen model parameters cannot be found

• ValueError – If a combination of parameters is invalid when loading from parameters

Other Models

class snewpy.models.ccsn.Analytic3Species(filename)

An analytical model calculating spectra given total luminosity, average energy, and rms or pinch, for each species.

Parameters:

filename (str) – Absolute or relative path to file with model data.

class snewpy.models.ccsn.SNOwGLoBES(tarfilename)

A model that does not inherit from SupernovaModel (yet) and imports a group of SNOwGLoBES files.

Parameters:

tarfilename (str) – Absolute or relative path to tar archive with SNOwGLoBES files.

get_fluence(t)

Return the fluence at a given time t.

Parameters:

t (float) – Time in seconds.

Returns:

fluence (dict) – A dictionary giving fluence at time t, keyed by flavor.